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Operational risk

EU legislation requires that institutions adequately manage and mitigate operational risk, which is defined as the risk of losses stemming from inadequate or failed internal processes, people and systems or from external events. Operational risk includes legal risks but excludes reputational risk and is embedded in all banking products and activities. It has always existed in banking, and non banking, organizations but it has acquired a greater relevance given the increased complexity and […]
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Supervisory benchmarking exercises

Internal approaches used for the calculation of own funds requirements for market and credit risk are subject to an annual assessment by competent authorities. The EBA assists competent authorities in their assessment by providing a report, which includes benchmarks that help identify any material differences in RWA outcomes. The legal basis for the benchmarking exercises is laid down in the Capital Requirements Directive (CRD), in particular Article 78, as well as in the following technical […]
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External Credit Assessment Institutions (ECAI)

ECAIs play a significant role in the standardised approach and securitisation framework of prudential regulation through the mapping of each of their credit assessments to the corresponding risk weights. The EBA, together with ESMA and EIOPA, has been assigned the task of providing an objective mapping across all ECAIs in order to promote a consistent implementation of CRR across the EU. Importantly, the EBA will also contribute to the implementation of CRR2/CRDV and CRA 3 Regulation in […]
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Third country equivalence and international cooperation

The main goal of equivalence is to manage effectively and facilitate cross-border activity of financial market players in a sound prudential environment, as third countries adhere and adopt the same high standards of prudential rules that are in force within the EU. To this extent, the recognition of equivalence can provide mutual benefits for both the EU and third country financial markets and institutions. The EBA carries out two types of equivalence assessments: equivalence of the […]
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Supervisory Review and Evaluation Process (SREP) and Pillar 2

The aim of the Pillar 2 processes is to enhance the link between an institution's risk profile, its risk management and risk mitigation systems, and its capital planning. Pillar 2 can be divided into two major components: (i) aimed at institutions, where those are expected to establish sound, effective and complete strategies and processes to assess and maintain, on an ongoing basis, the amounts, types and distribution of internal capital commensurate to their risk profiles (ICAAP), as well as […]
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Asset-referenced and e-money tokens (MiCA)

Issuers of asset-referenced tokens (ARTs) and electronic money tokens (EMTs) are required to hold the relevant authorisation to carry out activities in the EU. The relevant requirements are set out in the Markets in Crypto-assets Regulation (MiCAR) and are complemented by technical standards and guidelines developed by the EBA.  DocumentsStatement on the application of MiCAR to ARTs and EMTs | Priorities for the supervision of for ART and EMT issuersStatement on timely preparatory […]
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Consumer protection

The EBA identifies and addresses harm that arises for EU consumers as a result of their interactions with financial institutions. It does so for all retail banking products in the EBA’s scope of action, which are mortgage credit, consumer credit, payment accounts, payment services, electronic money, and deposits, including structured deposits.  linksEBA's information for consumerESMA's Investor cornerEIOPA's Consumer ProtectionJoint Consultation on amendments to the PRIIPs KIDJoint ESAs […]
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Supervisory reporting

This page provides on overview of supervisory reporting requirements. With the entry into force of the CRD IV/CRR framework new reporting requirements become applicable which are defined by the EBA via technical standards or guidelines.A pathway for a more efficient and proportionate supervisory reporting.  DocumentsEBA Risk Reduction Package RoadmapsDecision on institutions ESG data ad-hoc collectionLinksOverview of IT solutions under CRR reporting | IT […]
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Transparency and Pillar 3

This page presents the policy work undertaken by the EBA to promote transparency and enhanced public disclosures by financial institutions in order to reinforce market discipline.Following the recent updates to the regulatory frameworks for credit institutions and investment firms, and the publication in 2018 of the European Commission’s action plan on sustainable finance, the EBA is implementing a new policy strategy on institutions’ Pillar 3 disclosures that seeks to increase efficiency of […]
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Market infrastructures

With the entry into force of the EMIR and the CRD IV/CRR, several provisions require the EBA to issue regulatory technical standards, opinions and reports on the interaction between credit institutions and investment firms on the one hand and market infrastructures on the other hand. To guarantee the full and consistent implementation of the regulations, the EBA closely collaborates with the other European Supervisory Authorities (ESAs) and the European System of Central Banks (ESCB) for the […]
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Anti-Money Laundering and Countering the Financing of Terrorism

At the EBA our role is to lead, coordinate and monitor the fight against money laundering (ML) and terrorist financing (TF) across the European Union.Since financial crime respects no borders, a weakness in one area opens up the entire EU single  market to abuse. A common approach is therefore key to effectively fight ML/TF in the EU. At the EBA we have led this work by issuing EU-wide AML/CFT policies and standards, building supervisory capacity, monitoring risks to the integrity of the […]
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Digital finance

The EBA has a statutory duty to monitor and assess market developments, including financial innovation, to achieve a coordinated approach and to provide advice to the co-legislators where needed.  In 2026 the EBA has a priority to enhance the technological capacity of all stakeholders.In line with this mandate, the EBA continues a particular focus on i) artificial intelligence and machine learning, ii) crypto-asset markets, DLT use cases and iii) value chain evolutions […]